·Figure 59 is shown below as an example of the synthesis of skills described in (i), (ii), and (iii). Various factors cause synergism, and complicated perspective recognitions and feelings of space are produced. In the works of Mondrian in which two dimensional effects are deeply respected, three- dimensional effects are delicately expressed using minute differences in the thickness of lines and the change in the spacing of parallel lines and so on.

(iv) Direction of lines

When a picture scroll of the Heian Period is seen, for example, a feeling of spatial depth is expressed by straight lines with oblique directions. In the line drawings of human bodies by Picasso and Mattisse, complicated unevenness of the human bodies are expressed due to delicate changes of line direction. In addition, as shown in Figure 131 on page 88, oblique lines concentrating to a point, that is, radial lines, suggestively express a recognition of space with a strong perspective. This way, lines can create various three-dimensional effects by the change in their directions.
 
 

59   60   61   Figure 59: Composition using parallel lines. Recognitions of complicated perspectives are created                       using lines with differeing thicknesses, spacings, and brightnesses (see color illustration 7). Figure 60: Shapes with complicated curved surfaces are expressed using a change                       in the direction of a line. Figure 61: The picture scroll of Kitano Tenjin Emaki. Lines having oblique directions express depth.

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