Regular-shaped faces deriving from the truncation of solids with icosahedral symmetry by a rhomb-triacontahedron

Livio Zefiro
Dip.Te.Ris, Universita' di Genova, Italy

(E-mail address: livio.zefiro@fastwebnet.it)

Notes
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INTRODUCTION
This work completes a trilogy, begun with the description of truncation processes of Platonic and Archimedean polyhedra having cubic or icosahedral symmetry: in such work [1] it was been pointed out that, during each truncation process, the faces of different forms belonging to the resulting solid can sequentially acquire the shape of regular polygons.
Among these peculiar solids, the ones having cubic symmetry were described in detail in a following work [2], together with the relative duals, the solids resulting from the intersection of each couple of dual polyhedra and, finally, the duals of these last solids.
Moreover, since different series of solids including a certain kind of regular-shaped faces can be obtained also by the truncation of generic non Archimedean polyhedra, the conditions relating the central distance of the truncating solid to the central distance of the forms constituting the truncated solid have been pointed out.
The present work, based on a framework identical to the previous one, concerns solids with icosahedral (instead of cubic) symmetry.
 
SERIES OF SOLIDS DERIVING FROM THE INTERSECTION OF DODECAHEDRON, ICOSAHEDRON AND RHOMB-TRIACONTAHEDRON
If the positions of their barycenter coincide, the intersection of a dodecahedron and an icosahedron gives rise to a composite polyhedron when the ratio between the distances from the center of the resulting solid of the faces relative to dodecahedron and icosahedron ranges in the interval:
 
(namely 0.79465 < ddod /dicos < 1.25841), where τ = (√5+1)/2 = 1.61803 corresponds to the golden ratio.
 When the ratio ddod /dicos assumes the intermediate value:
 

one obtains an Archimedean solid, the icosi-dodecahedron (ID) shown in Fig. 1a, in which twelve faces have the shape of regular pentagons and the other twenty are equilateral triangles.
The dual [3] of the icosi-dodecahedron is the Catalan rhomb-triacontahedron (RT), shown in Fig. 1b, consisting of thirty rhombic faces (ratio of the diagonals equal to τ).

Fig. 1a) Animated sequence of views of the icosi-dodecahedron.
An orthographic view is followed by the views
  • normal to the (τ01) face, having the shape of a regular pentagon,
  • normal to the (111) face, having the shape of an equilateral triangle.
    		•  Fig. 1b) Animated sequence of views of the rhomb-triacontahedron, Catalan dual of the icosi-dodecahedron, consisting of thirty rhombic face: an orthographic view is followed by the views along the [τ01] 5-fold axis and the [111] 3-fold axis.
    Fig. 1

    In particular, when the value of the central distance dRT of the thirty rhombic faces of the rhomb-triacontahedron is equal to 1, each face is tangent to a vertex of an icosi-dodecahedron in which the central distances of the faces of dodecahedron and icosahedron are just  ddod = τ/√1+τ2= 1/√1+1/τ2 = 0.8506 and dicos = τ/√3 = 0.9342.
    The face of such rhomb-triacontahedron are also tangent to thirty edges of each truncated icosahedron in which:
    dicos= τ /√3   and  1/√1+1/τ2 < ddod < √1+1/τ2
    and to thirty edges of each truncated dodecahedron in which:
    ddod = 1/√1+1/τ2   and  τ/√3 < dicos<√3/τ
    In particular, as shown in Fig. 2, the central distances are:


    in case of the Archimedean truncated icosahedron (AtI), consisting of 32 regular faces, twelve of which are pentagons and twenty are hexagons, and:


    in case of the Archimedean truncated dodecahedron (AtD), consisting of 32 regular faces, twelve of which are decagons and twenty are equilateral triangles.

    Fig. 2a) Animated sequence of views of the Archimedean truncated icosahedron AtI, including an orthographic view followed by the views:
  • normal to the (τ01) face, having the shape of a regular pentagon
  • normal to the (111) face, having the shape of a regular hexagon.
    The dual of AtI is the Catalan pentakis-dodecahedron {3 0 1/τ}
    		•  Fig. 2b) Animated sequence of views of the Archimedean truncated dodecahedron AtD, including an orthographic view followed by the views:
  • normal to the (τ01) face, having the shape of a regular decagon
  • normal to the (111) face, having the shape of an equilateral triangle.
    The dual of AtD is the Catalan triakis-icosahedron {τ+1/τ  1/τ2 0}
    		•
    Fig. 2

    When the central distance of its faces decreases from the value dRT = 1, the rhomb-triacontahedron intersecates each one of the Archimedean polyhedra (in which the values of the central distances ddod and dicos remain unchanged).
    The series of solids, obtained starting from each Archimedean polyhedron, include also solids with faces having the shape of regular polygons. In particular, they are:
    From the icosi-dodecahedron
  • a solid with regular decagonal faces of dodecahedron when dRT = (4τ+3)/10 = 0.9472
  • a solid with regular hexagonal faces of icosahedron when dRT = (τ+4)/6 = 0.9363
  • a solid with equilateral triangular faces of icosahedron and pentagonal faces of dodecahedron when dRT = (τ2+1)/4 = 0.9045
    From the Archimedean truncated icosahedron
  • a solid with regular decagonal faces of dodecahedron when dRT = 4(τ2+1)/15 = 0.9648
  • a solid with equilateral triangular faces of icosahedron and pentagonal faces of dodecahedron when dRT = (τ+4)/6 = 0.9363
    From the Archimedean truncated dodecahedron
  • a solid with regular hexagonal faces of icosahedron when dRT = 4(τ2+1)/15 = 0.9648
  • a solid with equilateral triangular faces of icosahedron and pentagonal faces of dodecahedron when dRT = (4τ+3)/10 = 0.9472

    • The previous data are resumed in the following Table A.
     

    Truncation by a rhomb-triacontahedron (RT) of the icosidodecahedron (ID) and of two other Archimedean polyhedra: the truncated icosahedron (AtI) and the truncated dodecahedron (AtD)

      ID AtI AtD
    ddod /dicos
    Indices of the Catalan dual {100} {3 0 1/τ} {τ+1/τ  1/τ2 0}
    If dRT =1, the rhomb-triacontahedron is tangent to
    ID, AtI and AtD, respectively, in coincidence with
    the following values of ddod and dicos:     		 
    ddod
    dicos
     

    Vertex-transitive solids
    with regular hexagonal faces

    		  
    dRT (τ+4)/6   4(τ2+1)/15
    Indices of the dual hexakis-icosahedra {τ 1 1/3τ} {2 1 1/3τ2}
    In each dual the six dihedral angles
    between contiguous faces sharing a vertex
    along [111] are equal and measure:    		 12.363° 6.518°
     

    Vertex-transitive solids
    with regular decagonal faces

    		  
    dRT (4τ+3)/10 4(τ2+1)/15  
    Indices of the dual hexakis-icosahedra {τ 1 1} {4τ-1 2 5-τ}
    In each dual the ten dihedral angles between
    contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [τ01]
    are equal and measure:    		 16.535° 10.527°
     

    Vertex-transitive solids with pentagonal
    faces and equilateral triangular faces

    		  
    dRT (τ2+1)/4 (τ+4)/6 (4τ+3)/10
    Indices of the dual deltoid-hexecontahedra {τ10} {τ+1/τ 2 0} {210}
    In each dual, the three dihedral angles between
    contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [111]
    are equal (due to the 3-fold axis) and measure:    		 18.699° 36° 9.799°
    In each dual, the five dihedral angles between
    contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [τ01]
    are equal (due to the 5-fold axis) and measure:     		30.480° 19.188° 36°
    Table A

    As evidenced also by the background color of the cells in the previous table, the dual polyhedra including faces with different regular shapes are obtained in correspondence of equal values of the central distance dRT of the rhomb-triacontahedron which truncates the Archimedean solids.
     
    The intersection of dodecahedron, icosahedron and rhomb-triacontahedron can generate the Archimedean rhomb-icosidodecahedron (RID), shown in Fig. 3a, in which each vertex is shared by a regular pentagonal face of dodecahedron, an equilateral triangular face of icosahedron and two square faces of rhomb-triacontahedron if the values of the ratios of the central distances are:
    and:

    Fig. 3a) Animated sequence of views of the Archimedean rhombicosi-dodecahedron RID, including an orthographic view followed by the views:
  • normal to the (τ01) face having the shape of a regular pentagon
  • normal to the (111) face having the shape of an equilateral triangle
  • normal to the (100) face having the shape of a square.
    The dual of RID is the Catalan deltoid-hexecontahedron {1+1/τ2 1 0}
    		•  Fig. 3b) Animated sequence of views of the Archimedean truncated icosi-dodecahedron tID, including an orthographic view followed by the views:
  • normal to the (τ01) face having the shape of a regular decagon
  • normal to the (111) face having the shape of a regular hexagon
  • normal to the (100) face having the shape of a square.
    The dual of tID is the Catalan hexakis-icosahedron {2 3/τ 1}
    		•
    Fig. 3

    Assigning to the central distance of the rhomb-triacontahedron the value dRT = 1, it follows that the central distances of the other forms, whose intersection with RT generates the rhomb-icosidodecahedron RID, are:
      dicos = (5-2τ)/√3 = 1.0184 and  ddod = 3/(τ√1+τ2) = 0.9748
    Letting unchanged the ratio ddod /dicos characterizing RID and increasing the value of dRT:
  • when dRT = 1+1/(τ4(τ2+1)) = 1.0403, the solid obtained starting from RID includes regular hexagonal faces of icosahedron
  • when dRT = 1+1/3τ4 = 1.0486, the solid obtained starting from RID includes regular decagonal faces of dodecahedron
  • when dRT = 1+1/τ5 = 1.0902, one obtains a (non Archimedean) truncated icosahedron, with the faces of the rhomb-triacontahedron tangent to thirty of its edges.
    •  
    The other Archimedean solid which can be obtained by the intersection of dodecahedron, icosahedron and rhomb-triacontahedron is the Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron (tID), shown in Fig. 3b; its faces, all regular, consist of decagonal faces of dodecahedron, hexagonal faces of icosahedron and square faces of rhomb-triacontahedron.
    In case of the tID, the values of the ratios of the central distances are:  
    and:
    (As one can see, in RID and tID the ratio dicos /dRT assumes the reciprocal values (5-2τ)/√3 and  √3/(5-2τ) respectively, analogously to what happens with the ratio doct /dRD in RCO and tCO)
    Assigning also in this case the value dRT = 1 to the central distance of the rhomb-triacontahedron, it follows that the central distances of the other forms, whose intersection with RT generates the Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron tID, are:
    dicos = √3/(5-2τ) = 0.9819 and  ddod = 5/((3τ-2)√1+τ2) = 0.9210
    Letting unchanged the ratio ddod /dicos and varying only dRT :
  • an increase of the value of dRT from 1 to = 1+1/(τ(τ5+1)) = 1.0511 leads to a (non-Archimedean) truncated icosahedron, with the faces of the rhomb-triacontahedron tangent to thirty of its edges
  • a decrease of the value of dRT from 1 to = 1-1/(2(τ5+1)) = 0.9586 leads to a vertex-transitive polyhedron in which each vertex is shared by a pentagonal face of dodecahedron, an equilateral triangular face of icosahedron and two rectangular faces of rhomb-triacontahedron: its dual consists in the deltoid-hexecontahedron {4τ-5 1 0} (whereas the rather similar Catalan deltoid-hexecontahedron {1+1/τ2 1 0} is the dual of RID).

    • The data relative to the solids deriving from RID and tID are resumed in Table B.

    Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron (tID), rhomb-icosidodecahedron (RID) and solids including regular faces, obtained by varying the central distance of the intersecting rhomb-triacontahedron

      RID tID
    ddod /dicos  
    dicos /dRT
    If dRT =1:  
    dicos
    ddod
    Indices of the Catalan duals {1+1/τ2 1 0}

    {2 3/τ 1}

    In each Catalan solid, the dihedral angles between all the couples of contiguous faces are equal and measure:
    		 25.879° 15.112°
     
    Vertex-transitive solids including regular hexagonal faces of icosahedron
    		  
    dRT  

    1
    Indices of the dual hexakis-icosahedra {3(1+1/τ2)  3  2/τ2}

    {2 3/τ 1}

    In each dual, the six dihedral angles between contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [111] are equal and measure:
    		 16.981° 15.112°
     
    Vertex-transitive solids including regular decagonal faces of dodecahedron
    		  
    dRT 1
    Indices of the dual hexakis-icosahedra {5  5/(1+1/τ2)  2/τ2} {2 3/τ 1}
    In each dual, the ten dihedral angles between contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [τ01] are equal and measure:
    		 14.112° 15.112°
     
    Vertex-transitive solids including regular pentagonal faces of dodecahedron and equilateral triangular faces of icosahedron (in RID also the faces of rhomb-triacontahedron are square)
    		  
    dRT 1
    Indices of the dual deltoid-hexecontahedra {1+1/τ2 1 0} {4τ-5 1 0}
    In each dual, the three dihedral angles between contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [111] are equal (due to the 3-fold axis) and measure:
    		 25.879° 22.954°
    In each dual, the five dihedral angles between contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [τ01] are equal (due to the 5-fold axis) and measure:
    		 25.879° 27.769°
     

    Non-Archimedean truncated icosahedra deriving from RID and tID by increasing the value of dRT

    		  
    dRT
    Indices of the dual pentakis-dodecahedra {τ5+1  0  1} {3  0  1/τ4}
    In each dual, the five dihedral angles between contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [τ01] are equal (due to the 5-fold axis) and measure:
    		 30.942° 33.042°
    Table B

    The ultimate vertex-transitive solids resulting from the intersection of each Archimedean solid with the rhomb-triacontahedron (RT) are shown in Fig. 4 (a further decrease of dRT would lead to solids whose vertices are no more shared by couples of triangular and pentagonal faces).
    The comparison between each of such vertex-transitive solids and the rhomb-icosidodecahedron (RID) shown in Fig.3a reveals that the rectangular faces deriving from RT become square in the RID, being it an Archimedean solid.

    Forms including faces having the shape of regular pentagons and equilateral triangles, derived from the intersection between a rhomb-triacontahedron (RT) and each of four Archimedean polyhedra with icosahedral symmetry

    Vertex transitive solid deriving from the intersection of RT with the Archimedean truncated icosahedron (in which ddod = (1+1/3τ2 )/√1+1/τ2 and  dicos = τ/√3) when dRT = (τ+4)/6.
    Its dual is the deltoid-hexecontahedron {τ+1/τ 2 0}

    Vertex transitive solid deriving from the Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron (tID) when the  value of dRT decreases from 1 to 1-1/(2(τ5+1)),   whereas the values of ddod and dicos do not change:
    ddod = 5/((3τ-2)√1+τ2) and dicos = √3/(5-2τ)
    Its dual is the deltoid-hexecontahedron {4τ-5 1 0}
    Vertex transitive solid deriving from the intersection of RT with the icosi-dodecahedron ID (in which ddod = 1 /√1+1/τ2 and dicos = τ/√3) when dRT = (τ2+1)/4.
    Its dual is the deltoid-hexecontahedron {τ10}
    Vertex transitive solid deriving from the intersection of RT with the Archimedean truncated dodecahedron AtD (in which ddod = 1/√1+1/τ2 and  dicos = (1+1/(τ5+τ3))τ/√3  when dRT = (4τ+3)/10.
    Its dual is the deltoid-hexecontahedron {210}
    Fig. 4

    Fig. 5 shows the views along the [111] direction of the solids, obtained by the intersection of dodecahedron, icosahedron and rhomb-triacontahedron, which include regular hexagonal faces (as the Archimedean truncated icosahedron, already shown in Fig. 2a).


    View along the [111] direction of forms, having icosahedral symmetry, derived from the intersection of Archimedean polyhedra with a rhomb-triacontahedron and including regular hexagonal faces, compared with the Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron

    Archimedean truncated icosi-dodecahedron

    Polyhedron with regular hexagonal faces derived from the rhomb-icosidodecahedron (RID) by increasing the central distance of the faces of rhomb-triacontahedron, but letting unchanged the ratio ddod /dicos

    Polyhedron including regular hexagonal faces derived from the truncation by a rhomb-triacontahedron of the Archimedean icosidodecahedron

    Polyhedron including regular hexagonal faces derived from the truncation by a rhomb-triacontahedron of the Archimedean truncated dodecahedron

    Fig. 5

    Fig. 6 shows the views, along the [τ01] direction, of the solids, obtained by the intersection of dodecahedron, icosahedron and rhomb-triacontahedron, which include regular decagonal faces (as the Archimedean truncated dodecahedron already shown in Fig. 2b).

    View along the [τ01] direction of forms, having icosahedral symmetry, derived from the intersection of Archimedean polyhedra with a rhomb-triacontahedron and including regular hexagonal faces, compared with the Archimedean truncated icosi-dodecahedron

    Archimedean truncated icosi-dodecahedron (tID)

    Polyhedron including regular decagonal faces derived from the rhomb-icosidodecahedron (RID) by increasing the central distance of the faces of rhomb-triacontahedron, but letting unchanged the ratio ddod /dicos

    Polyhedron including regular decagonal faces, derived from the truncation of the icosidodecahedron by a rhomb-triacontahedron

    Polyhedron including regular decagonal faces, derived from the truncation by a rhomb-triacontahedron of the Archimedean truncated icosahedron
    Fig. 6

    In Fig. 7 the Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron (tID) is compared to the rather similar solids which include regular faces having the shape of hexagons or decagons, obtained starting from two Archimedean solids, the icosidodecahedron (ID) and the rhomb-icosidodecahedron (RID), by a proper variation of the central distance of the rhomb-triacontahedron dRT.
     

    Truncated icosidodecahedron (tID) compared with the four similar polyhedra including regular hexagonal or decagonal faces, obtained by intersecting the rhomb-icosidodecahedron (RID) and the icosi-dodecahedron (ID) with a rhomb-triacontahedron (RT)
    Polyhedron including regular hexagonal faces of icosahedron, derived from RID by a proper increase of the central distance dRT
    Polyhedron including regular decagonal faces of dodecahedron, derived from RID by a proper increase of the central distance dRT

    Being an Archimedean solid, the truncated icosidodecahedron (tID) includes only regular faces: twelve decagonal faces of dodecahedron, twenty hexagonal faces of icosahedron and thirty square faces of rhomb-triacontahedron
    Polyhedron including regular decagonal faces of dodecahedron, derived from ID by a proper decrease of the central distance dRT
    Polyhedron including regular hexagonal faces of icosahedron, derived from ID by a proper decrease of the central distance dRT
    Fig. 7

    The hexakis-octahedra dual of the solids reported in Fig. 7 are shown in the following Fig. 8.

    Comparison between the Catalan hexakis-icosahedron, dual of the Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron (tID), and four very similar hexakis-icosahedra, dual of polyhedra, derived from ID and RID, which include regular hexagonal or decagonal faces

    Hexakis-icosahedron {3(1+1/τ2)  3  2/τ2}, dual of the solid, derived from RID, which include regular hexagonal faces.
    The six dihedral angles between each couple of contiguous faces sharing a vertex along the [111] axis measure 16.980°

    Hexakis-icosahedron {5  5/(1+1/τ2)  2/τ2}, dual of the solid, derived from RID, which include regular decagonal faces.
    The ten dihedral angles between each couple of contiguous faces sharing a vertex along the [τ01] axis measure 14.112°

    Hexakis-icosahedron {2 3/τ 1}, dual of the Archimedean truncated icosahedron (tID): as it is a Catalan solid, all the dihedral angles between each couple of edge-sharing faces are equal and measure = 15.112°
    Hexakis-icosahedron {τ11}, dual of the solid derived from ID which includes regular decagonal faces.
    The ten dihedral angles between each couple of contiguous faces, sharing a vertex along the [τ01] axis, measure 16.535°
    Hexakis-icosahedron {τ1τ3}, dual of the solid derived from ID which includes regular hexagonal faces.
    The six dihedral angles between each couple of contiguous faces, sharing a vertex along the [111] axis, measure 12.363°
    Fig. 8
     
    In order to highlight the small differences among the images of the solids shown in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8, the corresponding animated sequences have been reported in Fig. 9.

    Animated sequence highlighting the differences between the truncated icosidodecahedron (tID) and the solids, including hexagonal or decagonal regular faces, derived from the rhomb-icosidodecahedron (RID) and the icosidodecahedron (ID)

    Animated sequence highlighting the small differences between the Catalan hexakis-icosahedron, dual of tID, and the other hexakis-icosahedra, which are the duals of solids, including hexagonal or decagonal regular faces, derived from ID and RID.
    Fig. 9
    As already shown in a previous paper [4], the intersection of the Archimedean truncated icosahedron with its dual, the Catalan hexakis-icosahedron {2 3/τ 1}, can generate an interesting solid, in turn including regular decagonal faces of dodecahedron, regular hexagonal faces of icosahedron and square faces of rhomb-triacontahedron as the Archimedean tID, whereas the faces coming from the dual Catalan hexakis-icosahedron have the shape of scalene triangles.
    In Fig. 10 such solid is compared with the four solids resulting from the intersection of the couples of dual polyhedra, derived from ID and RID, which have been reported in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8: also these four solids include hexagonal or decagonal regular faces.

    Comparison between the intersection of tID with the dual Catalan hexakis-icosahedron and the intersection, with the relative duals, of the polyhedra, derived from the Archimedean ID and RID, which include hexagonal or decagonal regular faces

    Solid resulting from the intersection with its dual of the polyhedron, derived from RID, which includes regular hexagonal faces of icosahedron

    Solid resulting from the intersection with its dual of the polyhedron, derived from RID, which includes regular decagonal faces of dodecahedron

    Solid resulting from the intersection between the Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron (tID) and the dual Catalan hexakis-icosahedron, including square, regular hexagonal and regular decagonal faces

    Solid resulting from the intersection with its dual of the polyhedron, derived from ID, which includes regular decagonal faces of dodecahedron

    Solid resulting from the intersection with its dual of the polyhedron, derived from ID, which includes regular hexagonal faces of icosahedron
    Fig. 10

    The solid resulting from the intersection of tID with its dual, the Catalan hexakis-icosahedron, is clearly not vertex-transitive, but its vertices are all equidistant from the barycenter.
    Therefore a further dual of such solid includes faces which are different but equidistant from the barycenter; in addition, the following series of dihedral angles are egual:
  • the six dihedral angles between contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [111]
  • the ten dihedral angles between contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [τ 01]
  • the four dihedral angles between contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [100]
    • In Fig. 11 this solid is compared with four similar solids, derived from ID and RID, which in turn are the duals of the solids reported in Fig. 10.
     

    Duals of the polyhedra obtained from the intersection between solids including regular faces derived from Archimedean polyhedra and the relative duals

    Solid derived from RID, in which all the six dihedral angles between each couple of contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [111] measure 14.856°

    Solid derived from RID, in which all the ten dihedral angles between each couple of contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [τ01] measure 13.521°

    Solid, consisting of the deltoid-hexecontahedron {4τ-5 1 0} and of the couple of symmetric forms: triakis-icosahedron {4τ+1 1 0} and pentakis-dodecahedron {4τ+1 0 1}, which is the dual of the polyhedron obtained by the intersection of the Archimedean truncated icosahedron with its dual, the Catalan hexakis-icosahedron. In such solid:
  • the 6 dihedral angles between contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [111] measure 13.193°
  • the 10 dihedral angles between contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [τ01] measure 14.495°
  • the 4 dihedral angles between contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [100] measure 10.764°
    		•
    Solid derived from ID, in which all the ten dihedral angles between each couple of contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [τ01] measure 15.887°
    Solid derived from ID, in which all the six dihedral angles between each couple of contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [111] measure 10.764°
    Fig. 11

    In order to highlight the differences among the images of the solids shown in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11, the corresponding animated sequences have been reported in Fig. 12.

    Animated sequences highlighting the differences which characterize the solids reported in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11

    Fig. 12

    The first row of Fig. 13 shows, in the center, the Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron (tID) compared with the solids including regular hexagonal or decagonal faces, derived from the intersection with a rhomb-triacontahedron of the Archimedean truncated dodecahedron (AtD) and truncated icosahedron (AtI), respectively.
    The relative duals are reported in the second row, whereas the third row shows the polyhedra, including regular faces, which result from the intersections of each dual couple of solids reported in the first two rows; finally the duals of the solids belonging to the third row are shown in the fourth row.

    Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron (tID) compared with the polyhedra, including regular faces, which derive from the truncation by a rhomb-triacontahedron of the Archimedean truncated dodecahedron (AtD) and truncated icosahedron (AtI), followed by their duals and other related forms
    Polyhedron with regular hexagonal faces derived from the Archimedean truncated dodecahedron (AtD)
    		 Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron (tID) consisting of regular hexagonal, regular decagonal and square faces
    Polyhedron with regular decagonal faces derived from the Archimedean truncated icosahedron (AtI)
    Hexakis-icosahedron {2 1 1/(3τ2)}, dual of the solid with regular hexagonal faces deriving from  AtD
    Catalan hexakis-icosahedron {2 3/τ 1}, dual of tID
    Hexakis-icosahedron {4τ-1 5-τ 2}, dual of the solid with regular decagonal faces deriving from AtI
    Solid including regular hexagonal faces, obtained from the intersection of the polyhedron deriving from AtD with its dual
    Solid resulting from the intersection of tID with its dual
    Solid including regular decagonal faces, obtained from the intersection of the polyhedron deriving from AtI with its dual
    Solid, dual of the intersection of the polyhedron deriving from AtD with its dual, in which the dihedral angles between the six couples of contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [111] measure 5.653°
    Solid dual of the intersection between tID and the dual Catalan hexakis-icosahedron (the values of the dihedral angles have already been reported in Fig. 11)
    Solid, dual of the intersection of the polyhedron deriving from AtI with its dual, in which the dihedral angles between the ten couples of contiguous faces sharing a vertex along [τ01] measure 10.054°
    Fig. 13

    Solids including regular-shaped faces can be obtained also by the intersection with a rhomb-triacontahedron (RT) of whichever non-Archimedean truncated icosahedron (tI) or truncated dodecahedron (tD). Starting from any situation in which RT is tangent to thirty edges of tI or tD, by decreasing its central distance dRT one obtains always, in the early stages, vertex-transitive polyhedra, whose duals are hexakis-icosahedra.
    Afterwards, when dRT decreases to a proper value, the truncation of each tI and tD by RT leads to a different kind of vertex-transitive polyhedron, whose dual is a deltoid-hexecontahedron; as already shown relatively to the isomorphic solids reported in Fig.4, each vertex is shared by a regular pentagon, an equilateral triangle and, usually, two rectangles.
    Concerning the possibility to get, at intermediate steps of the truncation process by RT, other solids including regular faces, one must distinguish among different intervals of values of the ratio ddod /dicos:
  • when (1+1/(3τ2)) √3/√ 1+τ2 ≤ ddod /dicos< (1+1/τ2)√3 /√1+τ2, the intersection of each truncated icosahedron with RT can generate a solid including regular decagonal faces of dodecahedron (the ratio ddod /dicos = (1+1/τ2)√3 /√1+τ2 = (√1+1/τ2) √3/τ is relative to the icosahedron, whereas the ratio ddod /dicos= (1+1/3τ2)√3 /√1+τ2 is relative to the Archimedean truncated icosahedron AtI which, in turn, itself includes regular hexagonal faces of icosahedron)
  • when (1+1/(τ(τ5+1)))√ 3/√1+τ2 < ddod /dicos< (1+1/3τ2)√3 /√1+τ2, the intersection of each truncated icosahedron with RT generates, in sequence, two solids including hexagonal or decagonal regular faces
  • when (1+1/(3τ5))√3/√1+τ2 < ddod /dicos ≤ (1+1/(τ(τ5+1)))√3/√1+τ2, three are the solids including regular faces which can be sequentially generated from the intersection of each truncated icosahedron with RT: the two solids including regular hexagonal faces of icosahedron or regular decagonal faces of dodecahedron are followed by a solid including square faces of RT (if ddod /dicos = (1+1/(τ(τ5+1)))√3/√1+τ2, such solid is the Archimedean rhomb-icosidodecahedron which, together with square faces of rhomb-triacontahedron, includes also equilateral triangular faces of icosahedron and regular pentagonal faces of dodecahedron)
  • when ddod /dicos = (1+1/(3τ5))(√3 /√1+τ2), in coincidence with an unique value dRT of its central distance, the intersection of the rhomb-triacontahedron with the truncated icosahedron leads to the Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron, which include simultaneously regular faces of three kinds, having the shape of hexagons, decagons and squares
  • when √3 /√1+τ2 < ddod /dicos < (1+1/(3τ5))(√3 /√1+τ2), the three solids including regular faces are obtained in an inverse order, since the solid including square faces of rhomb-triacontahedron comes before the solid with regolar decagonal faces, followed at last by the solid with regular hexagonal faces
  • when (√3 /√1+τ2) /(1+1/(τ3(τ2+1))) < ddod /dicos ≤√3/√1+τ2, from the intersection between RT and each truncated dodecahedron (or the icosi-dodecahedron ID, if ddod /dicos= √3/√1+τ2) firstly one obtains a solid with regular decagonal faces of dodecahedron, and then a solid with regular hexagonal faces of icosahedron
  • when (√3 /√1+τ2) /(1+1/τ4) < ddod /dicos ≤ (√3/√1+τ 2)/(1+1/(τ3 (τ2+1))), the intersection of each truncated dodecahedron with RT can generate a solid including regular hexagonal faces of icosahedron (the ratio ddod /dicos= (√3/√1+τ2) /(1+1/τ4) = (τ/√3)/(√1+1/τ2) is relative to the dodecahedron, whereas the ratio ddod /dicos = (√3 /√1+τ2) /(1+1/(τ3(τ2+1))) is relative to the Archimedean truncated dodecahedron AtD which, in turn, itself includes regular decagonal faces of dodecahedron).

    • A series of solids including regular-shaped faces, obtained sequentially by the intersection with RT of selected non Archimedean truncated icosahedra tI or truncated dodecahedra tD belonging to the six intervals just defined, is visualized in Fig. 14.

    Solids which include faces having the shape of regular polygons, obtained by the intersection with the rhomb-triacontahedron of generic non-Archimedean truncated icosahedra and truncated dodecahedra, compared with the Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron

    Truncated icosahedra
    and truncated dodecahedra
    Vertex-transitive solids which include regular faces having hexagonal, decagonal or square shape
    Vertex-transitive solids, dual of deltoid-hexecontahedra, which include regular faces having the shape of pentagons and triangles



    dRT = 1

    		 dRT = 0.9736: decagonal regular faces dRT = 0.9523
     



    dRT = 1

    		 dRT = 0.9841: hexagonal regular faces
    dRT = 0.9604: decagonal regular faces

    dRT = 0.9284
     



     dRT = 1

    		 dRT = 0.9554 : hexagonal regular faces
    dRT = 0.9525 : decagonal regular faces
    dRT = 0.9382 : square faces

    dRT = 0.9141
     

    b)
    An increase of the value of dRT from 1 to 3/(3τ-2) = 1+1/(τ(τ5+1)) = 1.051 implies that the rhomb-triacontahedron is tangent to thirty edges of a truncated icosahedron in which the ratio ddod /dicos derive from the same ddod and dicos values relative to tID
    a)
    If, in addition to such value of the ratio ddod /dicos, the ratio dicos /dRT assumes the value √3/(5-2τ), the result of the truncation by RT is the Archimedean truncated icosi-dodecahedron (tID).
    If one assumes dRT = 1, it follows that:
    dicos = √3/(5-2τ),  ddod = 5/((3τ-2)√1+τ2)
    c)
    Letting unchanged the values of ddod and dicos relative to tID, a decrease of the value of dRT from 1 to (3τ+4)/(2(τ+3) = 1- 1/(2(τ5+1)) = 0.959 leads to a vertex transitive solid, dual of the deltoid-hexecontahedron {4τ-5 1 0}, in which each vertex is shared by four faces
    a)
    Alternatively, when dRT = 1  the faces of the rhomb-triacontahedron are tangent to thirty edges of the truncated icosahedron tI in which the same ratio ddod /dicos derive from:
    ddod= 5/(3√1+τ2) and dicos= τ/√3
    b)
    Letting unchanged the values of ddod and dicos relative to the truncated icosahedron tI, a decrease of the value of dRT from 1 to (3τ-2)/3 = 1- 1/(3τ4) = 0.951 leads to tID
    c)
    Letting unchanged the values of ddod and dicos relative to the truncated icosahedron tI, a decrease of the value of dRT from 1 to 1- (7-4τ)/6 = 0.912 leads to the dual of the deltoid-hexecontahedron {4τ-5 1 0}
     



    dRT = 1

    		 dRT = 0.9691 : square faces
    dRT = 0.9499 : decagonal regular faces
    dRT = 0.9459 : hexagonal regular faces

    dRT = 0.9093
     



    dRT = 1

    		 dRT = 0.9781 : decagonal regular faces
    dRT = 0.9530 : hexagonal regular faces

    dRT = 0.9295
     



    dRT = 1

    dRT = 0.9780 : hexagonal regular faces

    dRT = 0.9670

    Fig. 14

    So it has been shown that solids including some kind of regular-shaped face can be obtained starting from each truncated icosahedron or dodecahedron in correspondence of different values of the central distance dRT of the rhomb-triacontahedron.
    The relations resumed in Table C hold between  dRT and the couple of central distances ddod of dodecahedron and dicos of icosahedron (as the ratio ddod /dicos varies in well defined ranges), and characterize all the polyhedra belonging to each series of solid which include one or two kinds of regular-shaped faces.

    Relations holding between the central distance of a truncating rhomb-triacontahedron and the central distances of dodecahedron and icosahedron belonging to the solid to be truncated, in case of each series of vertex-transitive solids including a certain kind of regular faces
    The regular faces of the series of solids are pentagonal faces of dodecahedron and triangular equilateral faces of icosahedron if:

    when the ratio ddod /dicos varies in the range:

     
    The regular faces of the series of solids are hexagonal faces of icosahedron if:

    when the ratio ddod /dicos varies in the range:

     
    The regular faces of the series of solids are decagonal faces of dodecahedron if:

    when the ratio ddod /dicos varies in the range:


    The regular faces of the series of solids are square faces of rhomb-triacontahedron if:

    when the ratio ddod /dicos varies in the range:

     
    Table C

    The animated sequences, relative to each series of solids including the different kinds of regular faces, are shown in the following images going from Fig. 15 to Fig. 18.

    Set of vertex-transitive solids including pentagonal faces of dodecahedron and equilateral triangular faces of icosahedron obtained when the ratio ddod/dicos varies in the range:

    and the distance dRT is related to ddod and dicos by the relation:

    Orthographic view of the sequence of vertex transitive solids, characterized by pentagonal faces of dodecahedron and equilateral triangular face of icosahedron, going from the dodecahedron to the icosahedron and including also the Archimedean rhomb-icosidodecahedron RID.

    View of the same sequence along the [100] 2-fold axis, normal to an usually rectangular face of each intermediate solid of the series.
    It is only in case of the Archimedean rhomb-icosidodecahedron that all the rectangular faces become square.

    Fig. 15

    Set of vertex-transitive solids including regular hexagonal faces of icosahedron obtained when the ratio ddod/dicos varies in the range:
    and the distance dRT is related to ddod and dicos by the relation:

    Orthographic view of the sequence of solids, characterized by regular hexagonal faces of icosahedron, going from the Archimedean truncated icosahedron AtI to the dodecahedron and including also the Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron tID.

    View of the same sequence along the [111] 3-fold axis, normal to a face of icosahedron having a regular hexagonal shape.
    Fig. 16

    Set of vertex-transitive solids including regular decagonal faces of dodecahedron obtained when the ratio ddod/dicos varies in the range:
    and the distance dRT is related to ddod and dicos by the relation:

    Orthographic view of the sequence of solids, characterized by regular decagonal faces of dodecahedron, going from the Archimedean truncated dodecahedron AtD to the icosahedron and including also the Archimedean truncated icosidodecahedron tID.

    View of the same sequence along the [τ01] 5-fold axis, normal to a face of dodecahedron having a regular decagonal shape.
    Fig. 17

    Set of vertex-transitive solids including square faces of rhomb-triacontahedron obtained when the ratio ddod/dicos varies in the range:
    and the distance dRT is related to ddod and dicos by the relation:

    Orthographic view of the sequence of solids characterized by square faces of rhomb-triacontahedron RT, going from the icosidodecahedron ID to the rhomb-icosidodecahedron RID and including also the truncated icosi-dodecahedron tID.

    View of the same sequence along the [100] 2-fold axis, normal to a square face of rhomb-triacontahedron.
    Fig. 18