4 The Formative Grammar of Art - B
- Creation of Illusions -

Illusions and Impossible Diagrams

1 Illusion
1 Psychology of illusions
(1) Illusion on distortion of shapes / (2) Illusion on shifts in line positions and angles
(3) Distortions of sight on vertical direction / (4) Differences in views of the same size
(5) Illusion on brightness / (6) Visual angle designation

2 Double views
(1) Double images / (2) Coexistence of normal and inverse illustrations
(3) Reversal perspective illusions

2 Impossible diagrams
1 Various impossible diagrams
(1) The use of reversal perspective illusion
(2) Illusions by intersection of shapes
(3) Impossible diagrams using the Penrose Triangle
(4) Solids which transform into different shapes

2 Others

Illusion of Three Dimensions

3 Expression with three-dimensional effect
1 Ideas to express a shape and its arrangement with three-dimensional effect
(1) Use of oblique lines and oblique projections
(2) Expression by density / (3) Shapes concentrating toward a point
(4) Radial lines / (5) Envelopes
(6) Expression of depth by shapes with different sizes / (7) Overlapping

2 Expression of three-dimensional effect using colors and textures
(1) Effect of gradation (shading) / (2) Three-dimensional effect by texture and  gradual 
change of brightness
(3) Three-dimensional effect using colored surfaces

3 Expression of three-dimensions using destruction of system
(1) Parallel lines changing in direction / (2) Deformed square lattices

4 Expression of transparency
1 Expression using points
2 Expression using lines
3 Expression using planes

Illusion of Four Dimensions

5 Movement
1 Studies on arrangements
(1) Movement of breaking out / (2) Movement with has the image of progressive destruction
(3) Effect of obliqueness / (4) Image of rotation
(5) Concentrated movements towards a fixed direction

2 Studies on shapes
(1) Wave forms / (2) Deviation, movement, and repetition of shapes 
(3) Vibration, curves, and others

3 Studies on colors

6 Rhythm
1 Repetition
(1) Expression of rhythm using congruent shapes
(2) Expression of rhythm using similar shapes
(3) Expression of rhythm using resembling shapes
(4) Rhythm and arrangement

2 Complicated rhythm
(1) Assembly of gradually changing shapes / (2) Use of multiple structures

Deformation

7 Deformation and metamorphosis
1 Coordinate change 
2 Anamorphosis - Deformation by mirrors -
3 Metamorphosis - Deformation by lenses -